Add the scheduler core with period keys and catch-up

internal/scheduler runs registered schedules (a name, a daily or weekly
rule read from the household settings, and a run function) in the
household zone with an injectable clock. Each fire time's period is
claimed by inserting schedule_runs(schedule, period_key) with ON
CONFLICT DO NOTHING, so a period runs at most once across restarts and
instances. At boot only each schedule's most recent fire time is
considered: within 24 h it runs once, older it is claimed as missed so
it never runs later. Settings changes move the next fire time through
SettingsService.Subscribe. DST follows household.LocalTime. The server
starts it with the worker context and waits for it before closing the
database; the concrete schedules come in later Feature 20 tasks.

Maestro task f7024755-c3d3-46f3-b798-e242ad676c1e.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

internal/db/schedule_runs.sql.go

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// Code generated by sqlc. DO NOT EDIT.
+// versions:
+//   sqlc v1.31.1
+// source: schedule_runs.sql
+
+package db
+
+import (
+	"context"
+)
+
+const claimScheduleRun = `-- name: ClaimScheduleRun :execrows
+INSERT INTO schedule_runs (id, schedule, period_key, created_at)
+VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)
+ON CONFLICT (schedule, period_key) DO NOTHING
+`
+
+type ClaimScheduleRunParams struct {
+	ID        string
+	Schedule  string
+	PeriodKey string
+	CreatedAt string
+}
+
+// Claims one period of a schedule. The insert is the claim: 1 row means
+// this caller owns the period, 0 rows means it was already claimed.
+func (q *Queries) ClaimScheduleRun(ctx context.Context, arg ClaimScheduleRunParams) (int64, error) {
+	result, err := q.db.ExecContext(ctx, claimScheduleRun,
+		arg.ID,
+		arg.Schedule,
+		arg.PeriodKey,
+		arg.CreatedAt,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return result.RowsAffected()
+}